Outcome of the war 1978 South Lebanon conflict

-


map showing blue line demarcation line between lebanon , israel, established un after israeli withdrawal southern lebanon in 1978


in response invasion, un security council passed resolution 425 , resolution 426 calling withdrawal of israeli forces lebanon both adopted on march 19, 1978. un interim force in lebanon (unifil) created enforce mandate, purpose of confirming withdrawal of israeli forces, restoring international peace , security , assisting government of lebanon in ensuring return of effective authority in area . unifil forces arrived in lebanon on march 23, 1978, setting headquarters in naqoura.


resolution 425 didn t result in immediate end hostilities. israelis continued military operations 2 more days until ordered ceasefire. plo s initial reaction resolution didn t apply them because didn t mention plo. plo leadership ordered ceasefire on march 28, 1978, after meeting between unifil commander general emmanual erskine , yasser arafat in beirut. helena cobban has described agreement turning-point in history of palestinian resistance moment because first open acceptance of ceasefire agreement israel endorsed official plo bodies.


parts of palestinian resistance movement opposed agreement , tried violate ceasefire. in april 1978, second-level fatah leader mohammad daoud oudeh (abu daoud) organized cells of 70 80 fighters intention of breaking ceasefire. arafat , khalil wazir ordered arrest of involved , abu daoud later accused of collaborating fatah renegade abu nidal break ceasefire.


israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, turning on positions inside lebanon ally, south lebanon army (sla) militia under leadership of maj. saad haddad. on april 19, 1978, sla shelled unifil headquarters, killing 8 un soldiers. (fisk, 138). in april 1980, 3 irish un soldiers (privates barrett, smallhorne , o mahoney) kidnapped , 2 of them murdered christian gunmen, private o mahoney survived (being shot sub-machine gun during incident) in sla territory , irish soldier private s. griffen shot haddad s men, , medevaced israel subsequently died during medical treatment. israeli press @ time, particularly jerusalem post, accused irish of pro-plo bias. (fisk, 152–154).


palestinian factions attacked unifil, kidnapping irish unifil soldier in 1981 , continuing occupy areas in southern lebanon.


hostilities continued, , lebanese civil war escalated, fighting intensified in south again, second israeli invasion in 1982 resulting in 1982 flare-up persisted on next decade.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Early forms Nasal helmet

-
helmet of saint wenceslaus, prague the nasal helmet characterised possession of nose-guard, or nasal , composed of single strip of metal extended down skull or browband on nose provide facial protection. helmet appeared throughout western europe late in 9th century, , became predominant form of head protection, replacing previous types of helmet design based on late roman types such ridge helmet , helmets of spangenhelm construction. nasal helmets universally conical in shape. skull raised single sheet of iron or of composite, segmented (spangenhelm) construction. spangenhelm variety was, in general, earlier method of construction. single-piece skulls, being technically more difficult produce, became more common increase in metallurgical skill on time. though nasals had been used on earlier helmets, , on contemporary helmets found in byzantium, slavic eastern europe , middle east, characteristic of nasal helmet in general larger , integrated either skull or browband of helmet. nasal...
Read more

History Fixed exchange-rate system

-
1 history 1.1 chronology 1.2 gold standard 1.3 bretton woods system 1.4 current monetary regimes history the gold standard or gold exchange standard of fixed exchange rates prevailed 1870 1914, before many countries followed bimetallism. period between 2 world wars transitory, bretton woods system emerging new fixed exchange rate regime in aftermath of world war ii. formed intent rebuild war-ravaged nations after world war ii through series of currency stabilization programs , infrastructure loans. 1970s saw breakdown of system , replacement mixture of fluctuating , fixed exchange rates. chronology timeline of fixed exchange rate system: gold standard the earliest establishment of gold standard in united kingdom in 1821 followed australia in 1852 , canada in 1853. under system, external value of currencies denominated in terms of gold central banks ready buy , sell unlimited quantities of gold @ fixed price. each central bank maintained gold reserves official reserve asset. example, du...
Read more

Early years .281995.E2.80.931999.29 History of D.C. United

-
1 years (1995–1999) 1.1 d.c. awarded inaugural mls franchise 1.2 immediate success (1996–99) 1.2.1 1996: debut double 1.2.2 1997: back-to-back league titles 1.2.3 1998: international glory 1.2.4 1999: rongen steps in early years (1995–1999) d.c. awarded inaugural mls franchise prior 1994 fifa world cup, united states soccer federation fulfilled promises fifa aiding in foundation of new professional league. on june 15, 1994, major league soccer selected washington, d.c. out of twenty-two applicants host 1 of first 7 franchises, 3 more added before league s launch. once mls franchise awarded washington, new management had name it. in keeping sports naming conventions in united states, earliest efforts entailed area s name followed mascot. ideas included spies , americans , eagles . eventually, however, new team s operators decided name team d.c. united . name united alluded well-known european club names such leeds , manchester united, , reflected team s location in capital of uni...
Read more