Three components of political order The Origins of Political Order

1 3 components of political order

1.1 china
1.2 india
1.3 muslim states
1.4 europe

three components of political order

the books develops idea of development of 3 components of modern political order, are,

china, india, islamic world , europe each developed these 3 components of political organization in different order, in different ways , different degrees. denmark , united kingdom arrived first @ modern balance of 3 components in single package, follow others nineteenth century, netherlands , sweden.

origins of political order depend on 3 components, according fukuyama. states 3 components, more stable, , shown in middle.


china

china described having first modern state, definition given, since established educated mandarin bureaucracy, although hewson objects conclusion since mandarin bureaucracy not modern. china used extreme violence on population (especially during influence of legalism), had weak rule of law , emperor had no accountability anyone.

india

india contrasted china. india not use extreme force on population due traditional power of brahmin priestly caste, protested violence against populace , war against neighboring states, refusing perform ancestral rituals raja leaders. power of brahmins weakening state s power on people, , forced strong accountability on leaders population of india via priestly class. example fukuyama gives of influence religion had on indian rulers ashoka (304–232 bce) of maurya dynasty, under influence of buddhism (rather brahmanism) came regret conquests in kalinga war. vowed end empire, , entire political system collapsed.

muslim states

certain muslim states developed practice of making imported slaves ruling class, mamluks of egypt , janissaries of ottoman empire, process started around 8th century. since these ruling class slaves neither beholden family nor tribe, dependent on state, ensured loyalty towards state. later example 16th-century ottoman empire practice of seeking out intelligent christian children high civil service or military positions, cut off family training.

europe

in 11th-century europe, instead of state having upper hand in china, or brahmins having upper hand in india, there power conflict between state , church, investiture controversy between pope gregory vii , henry iv, holy roman emperor.

the papal party started search sources of law strengthen case universal jurisdiction of church. rediscovered justinian code, corpus iuris civilis, in library near bologna in northern italy in 1072, leading later student body called universitas , first in bologna, , after in paris, oxford, heidelberg, cracow, , copenhagen studying code , displacing particularistic salic law. laws gave gregory authority excommunicate henry iv, forced walk canossa germany italy, stand barefoot in snow 3 days outside canossa , ask forgiveness pope on knees. concordat of worms ended struggle between popes , emperors in 1122. created balance between royal power , religious tradition not seen anywhere else before.

catholic leaders became accountable clergy , pope, historically objected violence , wars, counterparts in india had done, in europe clergy did not weaken states as brahmins had done in india. papal intercessions against wars between catholic countries led survival of small states in europe, similar india, in contrast had happened in china. existence of small states restricted church recruiting mass armies waging wars costly in casualties, had been case in china, combined existence of independent university scholars, led military innovations on land , sea empower fewer soldiers wield wars , later gave these relatively small countries military advantage large enough conquer colonies in rest of world. western europe began getting best of both worlds. in england, rise of common law strengthened rule of law. reformation, lutheran priest n.f.s. grundtvig in denmark advocated general literacy since believed every christian should read bible , established schools throughout country, leading voting rights 1849. in denmark led state gradually being more accountable general population, since vote , read. in england , denmark balance struck between 3 components of political order.