Expansion campaign Gorkha Kingdom

battle of jhunga @ 1788 a.d.; nepali forces (in black), nepali commander (in white) attacking on tibetan forces (in red & yellow)



battle of betrawati; nepali forces (in black) pushes chinese invaders (in red & yellow) trishuli river

from 1736, gorkhalis engaged in campaign of expansion begun king nara bhupal shah, continued son, king prithvi narayan shah , grandson prince bahadur shah. on years, conquered huge tracts of land east , west of gorkha.

among conquests, important , valuable acquisition wealthy newar confederacy of nepal mandala centered in kathmandu valley. starting in 1745, gorkhalis mounted blockade in bid starve population submission, inhabitants held out.

the newars appealed british east india company help, , in 1767, sent expedition under captain kinloch ended in failure. 3 newar capitals of kathmandu, lalitpur , bhaktapur fell gorkhalis between 1768 , 1769. gorkhali king subsequently moved capital kathmandu.

in 1788, gorkhalis turned attention north , invaded tibet. seized border towns of kyirong , kuti, , forced tibetans pay annual tribute. when tibetans stopped paying it, gorkhalis invaded tibet again in 1791 , plundered tashilhunpo monastery in shigatse. time chinese army came tibet s defence , advanced close kathmandu couldn t achieve success due strong counterattack khukuri. anxious bahadur shah asked 10 howitzer mountain guns british east india company. captain william kirkpatrick arrived in kathmandu. eventually, fu kanggan keen protect army , war being resultless concluded signing peace treaty @ betrawati.

later nepalese–tibetan war fought 1855 1856 in tibet between forces of tibetan government (ganden phodrang, under administrative rule of qing dynasty) , invading nepalese army resulting victory of nepal.

the gorkha dominion reached height @ beginning of 19th century, extending along himalayan foothills kumaon , garhwal in west sikkim in east. made return of occupied territories after defeat in anglo-nepalese war (1814–1816).