History Heuristic

1 history

1.1 theorized psychological heuristics

1.1.1 known
1.1.2 lesser known


1.2 cognitive maps

history

the study of heuristics in human decision-making developed in 1970s , 80s israeli psychologists amos tversky , daniel kahneman, although concept introduced nobel laureate herbert a. simon. simon s original, primary object of research problem solving showed operate within calls bounded rationality. coined term satisficing , denotes situation people seek solutions or accept choices or judgments enough purposes, optimized.

rudolf groner analyzed history of heuristics roots in ancient greece contemporary work in cognitive psychology , artificial intelligence, , proposed cognitive style heuristic versus algorithmic thinking can assessed means of validated questionnaire.

gerd gigerenzer focused on fast , frugal properties of heuristics, i.e., using heuristics in way principally accurate , eliminating cognitive bias. heuristics – recognition heuristic or take-the-best heuristic – viewed special tools tackle specific tasks (e.g., binary choice) under conditions of uncertainty , organized in adaptive toolbox . 1 particular batch of research, gigerenzer , wolfgang gaissmaier found both individuals , organizations rely on heuristics in adaptive way. found ignoring part of information [with decision], rather weighing options, can lead more accurate decisions.

heuristics, through greater refinement , research, have begun applied other theories, or explained them. example: cognitive-experiential self-theory (cest) adaptive view of heuristic processing. cest breaks down 2 systems process information. @ times, speaking, individuals consider issues rationally, systematically, logically, deliberately, effortfully, , verbally. on other occasions, individuals consider issues intuitively, effortlessly, globally, , emotionally. perspective, heuristics part of larger experiential processing system adaptive, vulnerable error in situations require logical analysis.

in 2002, daniel kahneman , shane frederick proposed cognitive heuristics work process called attribute substitution, happens without conscious awareness. according theory, when makes judgment (of target attribute ) computationally complex, rather easier calculated heuristic attribute substituted. in effect, cognitively difficult problem dealt answering rather simpler problem, without being aware of happening. theory explains cases judgments fail show regression toward mean. heuristics can considered reduce complexity of clinical judgements in healthcare.

theorized psychological heuristics
well known

anchoring , adjustment – describes common human tendency rely more heavily on first piece of information offered (the anchor ) when making decisions. example, in study done children, children told estimate number of jellybeans in jar. groups of children given either high or low base number (anchor). children estimated number of jellybeans closer anchor number given.
availability heuristic – mental shortcut occurs when people make judgments probability of events ease examples come mind. example, in 1973 tversky & kahneman experiment, majority of participants reported there more words in english language start letter k k third letter. there twice many words in english language have k third letter start k, words start k easier recall , bring mind.
representativeness heuristic – mental shortcut used when making judgments probability of event under uncertainty. or, judging situation based on how similar prospects prototypes person holds in or mind. example, in 1982 tversky , kahneman experiment, participants given description of woman named linda. based on description, linda feminist. eighty ninety percent of participants, choosing 2 options, chose more linda feminist , bank teller bank teller. likelihood of 2 events cannot greater of either of 2 events individually. reason, representativeness heuristic exemplary of conjunction fallacy.
naïve diversification – when asked make several choices @ once, people tend diversify more when making same type of decision sequentially.
escalation of commitment – describes phenomenon people justify increased investment in decision, based on cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting cost, starting today, of continuing decision outweighs expected benefit. related sunk cost fallacy.
familiarity heuristic – mental shortcut applied various situations in individuals assume circumstances underlying past behavior still hold true present situation , past behavior can correctly applied new situation. prevalent when individual experiences high cognitive load.

lesser known

affect heuristic
contagion heuristic
effort heuristic
fluency heuristic
gaze heuristic
peak–end rule
recognition heuristic
scarcity heuristic
similarity heuristic
simulation heuristic
social proof
take-the-best heuristic

cognitive maps

heuristics found used in manipulation , creation of cognitive maps. cognitive maps internal representations of our physical environment, particularly associated spatial relationships. these internal representations of our environment used memory guide in our external environment. found when questioned maps imaging, distancing, etc., people commonly made distortions images. these distortions took shape in regularization of images (i.e., images represented more pure abstract geometric images, though irregular in shape).

there several ways humans form , use cognitive maps. visual intake key part of mapping. first using landmarks. person uses mental image estimate relationship, distance, between 2 objects. second, route-road knowledge, , developed after person has performed task , relaying information of task person. third, survey. person estimates distance based on mental image that, them, might appear actual map. image created when person s brain begins making image corrections. these presented in 5 ways: 1. right-angle bias when person straightens out image, mapping intersection, , begins give 90-degree angles, when in reality may not way. 2. symmetry heuristic when people tend think of shapes, or buildings, being more symmetrical are. 3. rotation heuristic when person takes naturally (realistically) distorted image , straightens out mental image. 4. alignment heuristic similar previous, people align objects mentally make them straighter are. 5. relative-position heuristic: people not accurately distance landmarks in mental image based on how remember particular item.

another method of creating cognitive maps means of auditory intake based on verbal descriptions. using mapping based person s visual intake, person can create mental image, such directions location.