Emergence of feudal relationships Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire

acceptain of oath of fealty (lehnseid) in 1512

under feudal system, various legal institutions came during carolingian period had existed independently. these institutions were:

the antrustiones - these inner circle of king s retinue; distinguished fact multiple of usual weregild had paid them.
the vassi - free lords no longer after able commend hands of more powerful lord, receiving sustenance , shelter in return obligation of loyalty , service. did not lose status free lords through commendation ceremony, royal court continued responsible them. commendation enacted so-called handgang ceremony, i.e. future vassus put hands, folded, hands of lord, enclosed them. gesture made relationship of 2 clear.
the beneficium (original meaning of benefit ) - in middle ages land leased, there cases estates granted without requiring recompense, example under duress or favour. lord remained true owner of land, no longer beneficiary.

it combination of these institutions, more , more lords achieved high social position, feudal system emerged. handgang, oath of loyalty (treueid), became referred homagium (latin), homage (french), or mannschaft (german), became decisive legal device until 12th century. not until spread of system of legal deeds handgang dropped oath of allegiance, better recorded in writing.

commendations still carried out @ levels. in lower classes based on manorial system (grundherrschaft), @ high levels on feudalism (lehnswesen).

the award of fiefs replaced remuneration work. necessary because monetary system necessary make regular payments still far underdeveloped during middle ages.