South African tricameralism Tricameralism

-


in 1983, south africa s apartheid government put forward constitution providing tricameral legislature. on 2 november, around seventy percent of country s white population voted in favour of changes – black south africans not consulted, , under proposal continued denied representation since in theory citizens of independent or autonomous bantustans.


the south african tricameral parliament consisted of 3 race-based chambers:



house of assembly – 178 members, reserved whites
house of representatives – 85 members, reserved coloured, or mixed-race, people
house of delegates – 45 members, reserved indians

the creation of tricameral parliament controversial on 2 fronts. on 1 hand, many white conservatives disliked idea of non-whites participating in parliament @ all. dispute factor in creation of conservative party, breakaway dominant national party. on other hand, many coloureds , asians rejected system sham, saying chambers reserved them powerless.


the tricameral parliament not particularly strong. 1983 constitution weakened powers of parliament, , abolished position of prime minister. authority transferred state president, including ability appoint cabinet. seen many attempt limit power of coloureds , indians – not non-white houses of parliament less powerful white one, parliament subordinate white president.







Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Early forms Nasal helmet

-
helmet of saint wenceslaus, prague the nasal helmet characterised possession of nose-guard, or nasal , composed of single strip of metal extended down skull or browband on nose provide facial protection. helmet appeared throughout western europe late in 9th century, , became predominant form of head protection, replacing previous types of helmet design based on late roman types such ridge helmet , helmets of spangenhelm construction. nasal helmets universally conical in shape. skull raised single sheet of iron or of composite, segmented (spangenhelm) construction. spangenhelm variety was, in general, earlier method of construction. single-piece skulls, being technically more difficult produce, became more common increase in metallurgical skill on time. though nasals had been used on earlier helmets, , on contemporary helmets found in byzantium, slavic eastern europe , middle east, characteristic of nasal helmet in general larger , integrated either skull or browband of helmet. nasal...
Read more

Boko Haram and Darul Islam Religion in Nigeria

-
islam in nigeria has witnessed rise in numbers of radical islamic sects notably among them, boko haram, maitatsine, darul islam among others. these sects have resorted use of violence in bid realizing ambitions on wider islamic , nigerian populations whole. the rise of radical movements has been attributed partly poor socio economic infrastructures , poor governance in nigeria. poverty has been seen major catalyst leading rapid increase in membership of these religious extremist groups. rise of these sects has been linked increase , aiding of religious extremist politicians selfish ambitions. during 1980s religious riots occurred in , around 5 cities of kano in 1980, kaduna in 1982, bulum-ketu in 1982, jimeta in 1984 , gombe in 1985. these riots caused migration of rural poor urban towns during dry seasons. offshoot of islam called ‘yan tatsine’ violently rebelled against authorities , non-members. these radical muslims inspired alhaji mohammed marwa maitatsine. cameroon preacher slate...
Read more

Semi-Immortality and the Call for Players ILabs

-
1 semi-immortality , call players 1.1 mathematics, physics, computer science 1.2 biology, medicine, psychology 1.3 philosophy, law, politics semi-immortality , call players “semi-immortality” title of ilabs volume detailing first thirty years of research: since doubtful full immortality can achieved physical entities, term “semi-immortality” preferred main tag on ilabs vision. there 2 explicit assumptions underlying labs work: first, global perspective may lead mankind radical extension of life-span. according founders, technology , science play major role, without addressing serious challenges in ethics , social theory attempts doomed failure. second, achieving “semi-immortality” hard, articulated task requiring huge efforts , resources, finest minds. in 2008, ilabs published online first version of “call players”, detailing fields of study in global agenda , explaining labs’ structure , activities. document’s explicit aim attract interested researchers projects. according document, s...
Read more